Minggu, 17 Maret 2019

Senin, 18 Maret 2019

Halo semuanya! Makasih udah dateng ke blog aku yang absurd ini wkwk. Yang awal blog isinya tentang bahasa inggris yang absurd, lanjut ke tugas kampus yang fontnya pun budug. Tapii ya inilah blog aku yang ala kadarnya. Aku lagi gabut nih di kampus, jadi buka - buka blog yang ini dan ngerasa, ya ampun, ngapain aja sih selama ini :( Sebelumnya aku mu jelasin dulu deh ya tentang awal mula bikin blog.

Berawal dari kelas 10, pelajaran Bahasa Inggris, kelas kami disuruh untuk bikin blog. Jadi selama pelajaran tuh ya selalu aja pake komputer, sampe jenuh karena ga belajar teori samsek. tapi dipikir pikir berguna juga sih untuk kenang - kenangan. suka agak nyesel aja gt bacanya, kok aneh banget sih bahasannya, tapi ada juga yang bikin amaze sama kata kata aku yang LEBAY BANGET hahaha.

Fyi, sekarang aku udah kuliah. setelah menempuh SMA selama 2 tahun, akhirnya gw bisa lepas dari sekolah yang sulit itu :') orang lain bilang aku keren bisa SMA 2 tahun doang, tapi itu berkat doa orang tua yang pengen aku belajar terus, plus hoki yang gatau dr mana, karena sejujurnya mah passion aku bukan di IPA, bahkan sekarang kalo ditanya pelajaran yang menyangkut fisika kimia bio udah mutlak gabisa jawab :)). Tapi tetep berysukur aku bisa masuk aksel karena bisa ketemu temen - temen yang keren banget. Mereka bukan cuma pinter pelajaran, tapi soft skillnya pun bagus - bagus. kadang aku suka minder sama mereka, kok bisa sih jadi segalanya wkwk. tapi aku sadar setiap orang punya kelebihan masing - masing, setiap orang juga punya jalan hidupnya masing - masing, jadi aku bakal tetep pede kok kedepannya! :)

Oiya, sekarang aku kuliah di BINUS @BANDUNG. kalo boleh jujur, selama SMA aku mikir kalo aku harus kuliah di negeri, karena notabene anak - anak yang lebih milih negeri. mungkin karena gengsi, atau ada juga yang karena biaya. Tapi saat itu aku sadar, aku belum tentu bisa survive kalo di negeri dengan lingkungan yang ga beda jauh sama SMA. "lah orang aku pas SMA aja keseret-seret gimana kalo kuliah bareng anak anak jenius lagi?!", itu yang aku pikirin wkwk.

Kalo ngebahas ini, aku suka inget dulu aku pernah bilang di dalem hati kalo aku punya beberapa impian dan keinginan. setiap shalat aku selalu berdoa untuk diberi kuliah yang terbaik, bukan kuliah di negeri. ngerti gak? kalo gangerti coba ya aku jelasin lagi.

Jadi selama SMA, mungkin orang lain berdoa nya "Semoga keterima di itb, atau di ugm, atau unpad", tapi aku sih beda, aku berdoa "Semoga keterima di kampus yang terbaik menurut-Mu." dan kalian tau? aku udah ada di kampus yang terbaik :) Mungkin standar kampus yang baik itu beda setiap orangnya, tapi binus bandung udah jadi kampus terbaik buat aku. Kenapa cik? sebenernya gapenting sih buat dijelasin tapi gapapa lah ya.

1. Dulu pas masih kecil aku seneng pake high heels mama, dan sok sok an catwalk. Dan sekarang di kampus, akhirnya aku bisa nyobain modeling. bahkan sempet keterima audisi untuk tampil di binus fashion week, tapi karena beberapa kendala jadi aku gabisa tampil. sayang sih, tapi gapapa lah next time.
2. Aku ingin punya banyak temen, dan disini aku punya banyak temen, senenggg banget!
3. Mungkin karena keinginan papa aku dan takdir nya untuk aku kembali lagi ke dunia aikido, akhirnya aku jadi ketua UKM Aikido Binus Bandung donggg!! seneng banget sih, mana generasi pertama lagi wkwk. akhirnya ilmu aku menjadi bendahara selama 5 tahun berguna.

Sebenernya masih ada sih tapi aku lupa apa lagi. intinya aku bersyukur banget bisa kuliah disini, kampus yang baru nan ketat aturannya, tapi asik banget lah. mana kampusnya disiplin banget lagi, jadi ngaruh ke aku nya juga yang harus tepat waktu (walaupun masih sering telat sih).

Jadiiii sekian dulu cerita hari ini ya, menguras tenaga juga ternyata nulis segini doang ya wkwk. Sampe ketemu lagi kalo aku gabut, Thankyou guys!

Sabtu, 08 Desember 2018


CHAPTER 15

Franchising : is a form of business organization in which a fir that already has a succesful product or service (franchisor) licenses its trademark and method of doing business to other businesses (franchises) in exchange for an initial franchise fee and an ongoing royalty. The word franchise comes from an old dialect of French and means "privilege" or "freedom".

How does franchising work?
It is a form of growth that allows a business to get its products or services to market through the efforts of business partners or "franshisees". A franchise is an agreement between a franchisor and a franchisee. There are 2 distinctly different types of franchise systems :
    • A Product and trademark franchise is an arrangemet under which the franchisor grants to the franchisee the right to buy its products and use its trade name.
    • The business format franchise, is by far the more popular approach to franchising and is mre commonly used by entrepreneurs an entrepreneurial ventures.
The most common type of franchise arrangement is an individual frandhise agreement. An individual franchise agreemennt involves the sale of a single franchise for a specific location. An area franchise agreement allows a franchisee to own and operate a specific number of outlets in a particular geographic area. Finally, a master franchise agreement is similar to an area franchise agreement, with one major difference. The people who buy franchises from master franchisees are typically called subfranchisees. A person who owns and operated more than one outlet of the same franchisor, twhether through an area or a master franchise agreement, is called a mutiple-unit franchisee.
  • Steps to franchising a business
Before deciding to franchise, a firm should consider the following :
    • The uniqueness of its product or service
    • The consistent profitability of the firm
    • The firm's year-round profitability
    • The degree of refinement of the firm's business systems
    • The clarity of the business proposition
The cost of Franchise
The initial cost of a business format franchise varies, depending on the franchise fee, the capital needed to start the business and the strength off the franchisor. The followin costs are typically associated with buying a business format franchise :
    • Initial franchise fee
    • Capital requirements
    • Continuing royalty payment
    • Advertising fees
Advantages and Diadvantages of buying a franchise

Advantage :
    • An established marketing network
    • Availability of financing
    • Potential for busines growth
Disadvantage :
    • Cost of franchise
    • Restrictions on creativity
    • Potential for failure
Steps in purchasing a franchise

Common misconceptios about franchising
    • Franchising is a safe investement
    • A strong industy ensures franchise success
    • A franchise is a "proven" business system
    • There is no need to hire a franchis attorney or an accountant
    • The best systes growth rapidly, and it is best to be a part of a rapid
    • I can operate my franchise outlet for less than franchisor predicts
    • The franchisor is a nice person - he'll help me out if i need it.
Legal aspects of the franchise relationship
  • Federal rules and regulations : Except for the automobile an petroleum industries, federal laws do not directly address the franchisor-franchisee relationship. Instead, franchise disputes are matters of contract law and are litigated at the state level.
  • State rules and regulations : The franchise investement laws require franchisors to provide presale disclosures, known as "offering circulars", to potential franchisees.
More about franchising
  • Franchise ethics :
    • The et-rich-quick mentality
    • The false assumption that buying a franchise is a guarantee of business success
    • Conflicts of interest between franchisors and their franchisees
  • International franchising. Some of the steps to take before buying a franchise in a foreign country :
    • Consider the value of the franchisor's name in the foreign country
    • Work with a knowledgeable lawyer
    • Determine whether the product or service is salable in a foreign country
    • Uncover whether the franchisor has experience in international markets
    • Find out how much training and support you will  receive from the franchisor
    • Evaluate currency restrictions


CHAPTER 14

Strategies For Firm Growth

Internal Growth strategies involve efforts taken wthin the firm itself, such new product development, other product-related strategies, and international expansion, for the purpose of increasing sales revenue and profitability. Internally generated growth is often called organic growth because it does not rely on outside intervention.



Internal growth strategies :
  • New product development  : involves designing, producing, and selling new products (or services) as a means of increasing firm revenues and profitability. In many fast-paced industries, new product development is a competitive necessity. 
    • The keys to effective new product and service development :
          • Find a need and fill it
          • Develop products that add value
          • Get quality and pricing right
          • Focus on a specific target market
          • Conduct ongoing feasibility analysis
    • The Top 5 reasons new products fail
          • The potential market was overestimated
          • Cutomers saw the product as t expensive
          • The product was poorly designed
          • The product was no different than the competition's
          • The costs of developing the product line were too high
  • Additional internal product-growth strategies:
    • Improving an exiting product/service : enhancing qulity, making it larger or smaller, making it more convenient to use, improving its durability, or making it more up-to-date.
    • Increasing the market penetration of an existing product or service : involves actions taken to increase the sales of a product or service through greater marketing efforts or through increased production capacity and efficiency.
    • Extending product lines : involves making additional versions of a product so that it will appeal to different clientele or makinng related products to sell to the same clientele.
    • Geographic expansion : is another internal growth strategy by simply expanding from their original location to additional geographic sites. The keys to succesful geographic expansion follow :
          • Perform succesfully in the initial location
          • Establish the legitimacy of the business concept in the expansion
          • Don't isolate the expansion location
External growth strategies
Rely on establishing relationships with thirs parties.
  • Mergers and acquisitions : A merger is the pooling of interests to combine two or more firms into one. an acquisition is the outright purchase of one firm by another. In an acquisition, the surviving firm is calleds the acquirer, and that is acquired is called the target.

  • Steps involved in an acquisition 

      • Licensing is the granting of permission by one company to another company to use a specific form of its intellectual property under clearly defined conditions. There are  principal types of licensing :
        • Technology licensing : is the licensing of proprietary technology that the licensor typically controls by virtue of a utility patent.
        • Merchandis and character licensin : is the licensing of a recognized trademark or brand that the licensor typically controls through a registered trademark or copyright.
      • Strategic alliance and Joint ventures
        • Stategic alliance is a partnership between two or more firms that is developed to achieve a specific goal.
        • Joint venture is an entity created when two or more firms pool a portion of their resources to create a separate, jointly owned organization.

      Jumat, 07 Desember 2018

      CHAPTER 13

      Preparing for and Evaluating The Challanges of Growth


      Most entrepreneurial firms wat to grow. Especially in the short term, growth in sales revenue is an important indicator of an entrepreneurial venture’s potential to survive today and be succesful tomorrow. This section focuses on three important things a business can do to prepare for growth.

            1. Appreciating thenature of business growth
      Growing a business succesfully requires peparation, good management, and an appreciation of the issues involved. The following are issues about business growth that entrepreneurs should appreciate. For example : Not all business have the potential to be aggressive growth firms, a business can grow too fast, and business success doesn’t always scale.

      2. Staying ommitted to a core strategy
      Is to stay commited to a core strategy, which defines how it completes realtive to its rivals. A firm’s core strategy i largely determined by its core competencies, or what it does particularly well.

      3. Planning ofor growth
      Is to establish growth-related plans. This task involves a firm thinking ahead and annticipating the type and amount of growth it wants to achieve.


      ·         Reasons for Growth
      A firm’s pace of growth is the rate at which it is growing on an annual basis. The six primary reasons firm try to grow to increase their profitibality an valuation :
      1.       Economic of scale are generated when increasin production lowers the average cost of each unit produced. Economies of scale can be created in service firms as well as traditional manufacturing companies. Variable costs are the cost a company incurs as it generates sales. Fixed costs are costs that a company incurs whether it sells something or not.
      2.       With Economic of scope, the advantage a firm accrues comes through the scope (or range) of a firm’s operations rather than from its scale of production.
      3.       Market leadership occurs when a firm holds the number one ot the number two poition in an industry or niche market in terms of sales volume.
      4.       Influence, power, and survivability. Larger business usually have more influence and power than smaller firms in regard to setting standards for an industry, getting a “foot in the door” with major customers and suppliers, and garnering prestige.
      5.       Need to accommodate the growth of key customers. Sometimes firms are compelled to grow to accommodate the growth of a key customer.
      6.       Ability to attrat and retain talented employees is to attract and retain high-quality personel.

      ·         Knowing and managing the stages of growth
      1.       Introduction stage              : start up phase
      2.       Early growth stage              : is generally characterized by increasing sales and heightened complexity.
      3.       Continuous growth stage : the need for structure and more formal relationships.
      4.       Maturity stage                     : when it growth slows.
      5.       Decline stage                        : it i not inevitable that a business enter the decline stage and either deteriorate or die.
      •  Basic model of firm growth



    • The impact of managerial capacity


    • Jumat, 30 November 2018

      CHAPTER 12

      The Importance of Intellectual Property

      • ·         Intellectual property adalah produk manusia yang tidak berwujud tetapi memiliki nilai di pasar. Disebut properti “Intelektual” karena itu adalah hasil imajinasi manusia.


      • ·         Kesalahan umum yang dibuat perusahaan terkait dengan kekayaan intelektual:
                  - Tidak secara tepat mengidentifikasi semua kekayaan intelektual mereka.
      - Tidak menggunakan kekayaan intelektual mereka sebagai bagian dari rencana               keseluruhan mereka untuk sukses.
      - Tidak sepenuhnya mengakui nilai kekayaan intelektual mereka.
      - Tidak melindungi secara hukum kekayaan intelektual yang perlu dilindungi.

      ·         Empat bentuk kunci dari kekayaan intelektual.
      -          Patents                  : Adalah hibah dari pemerintah federal yang                                   memberikan hak untuk melarang orang lain                                                          membuat, menjual, atau menggunakan penemuan                                   untuk masa paten.
      3 Basic requirements for a patent :
                  1. Useful : It must have utility.
                  2. Novel : It must be different from what has come before.
                  3. Not Obvious : It must not be obvious to a person of ordinary skill in the field.

      6 Process of obtaining a patent
                 
      1. Pastikan penemuan ini praktis
      2. Tentukan jenis aplikasi ke file
      3. Sewa pengacara paten
      4. Lakukan pencarian paten
      5. Ajukan permohonan paten 
      6. Dapatkan keputusan dari kantor paten dan merek dagang AS.

      ·         Trademarks    : Adalah kata, nama, simbol, atau perangkat apa pun yang digunakan                                 untuk mengidentifikasi sumber atau asal produk atau layanan dan                                                  untuk membedakan produk atau layanan tersebut dari yang lain.

      Exclusions from trademark protection.

                  1. Immoral or scandalous matter : a company cannot trademark immoral or scandalous matter,                                                                         including profane words.
                  2. Deceptive matter                    : Marks that are deceptive cannot be registered.
                  3. Descriptive marks                  : Marks that are merely descriptive of a product or service                                                                    cannot be trademark.
                  4. Surnames                               : A trademark consisting primarily of a surname, is typically not protectable.

      The process of obtaining a trademark
                  1. Select an appropriate mark
                  2. Perform a trademark search
                  3. Create rights in the trademark

      -          Copyrights                        : adalah bentuk perlindungan hak milik intelektual  yang memberikan kepada pemilik karya kepenulisan hak hukum untuk menentukan bagaimana pekerjaan tersebut digunakan dan untuk memperoleh manfaat ekonomi dari pekerjaan.

      Primary categories of material that can be copyrighted follow :
                  1. Literary works : anything written down is a literally work, including books.
                  2. Musical compositions : including any accompanying words, that is in a fixed form.
                  3. Computer software
                  4. Dramatic works : is a theatrical performance, such as a comedy.
                  5. pantomimes and choreographic works : is a performance that uses gestures and facial                                                                                   expressions rather than words to communicate a                                                                                 situation.
                  6. pictorial, graphic, and sculptural works : Is a broad category that includes photographs, prints,                                                                      cartoon, ect.
      -          Trade secrets                    : Adalah rumus, pola, perangkat fisik, ide, proses,        atau informasi lain yang memberikan pemilik inforemasi dengan keunggulan kompetitif di pasar.

      Examples of commonly used physical measures for protecting trade secrets :
                  1. Restricting access : For example, access to a company’s customer.
                  2. Labeling documents : Sensitive documents should be stamped.
                  3. Password protecting confidential computer files : By using secure passwords.
                  4. Maintaining logbooks for visitors : Visitors can be denied access to confidential information.
                  5. Maintain log books for access to sensitive material : For sensitive material and make their         employees “Check out” and “Check In” the material.
                  6. Maintaining adequate overall security measures : Commonsense measures are also helpful.

      Rabu, 21 November 2018


      CHAPTER 11

      Unique Marketing Issues

      ·         Selecting a Market and Establishing a Position in the Market

      Agar berhasil, perusahaan baru harus mengatasi masalah penting ini: Siapa pelanggan kami adalah bagaimana kami akan mengajukan banding kepada mereka?
      Start-up yang dikelola dengan baik akan mendekati kueri ini dengan mengikuti proses tiga langkah:
      ·         Segmentasi pasar.
      ·         Memilih target pasar.
      ·         Menetapkan posisi yang unik di pasar sasaran

      The Process of Selecting a Target Market and Positioning Strategy







      ·         Segmenting the Market
      Mempelajari industri perusahaan dan menentukan target pasar yang berbeda dalam industri tersebut.
      Pasar dapat disegmentasi dengan berbagai cara, termasuk
         - Tipe produk
         - Titik harga
         - Pelanggan dilayani

      ·         Selecting a Target Market
      Sekali suatu perusahaan telah tersegmentasi pasar, pasar sasaran harus dipilih. Pasar harus cukup menarik dan perusahaan harus memiliki kemampuan untuk melayaninya. Segmen Netbook dari industri komputer baru, dan sedang ditargetkan oleh startup seperti Eee PC.

      ·         Establishing a Unique Position
      Perusahaan sering mengembangkan "slogan" untuk memperkuat posisi yang mereka taruh di pasar mereka, atau frasa yang digunakan secara konsisten dalam literatur perusahaan dan dengan demikian menjadi terkait dengan perusahaan. Contohnya adalah tagline Nike yang sudah dikenal, "Lakukan saja."

      ·         Selling Benefits Rather Than Features

      Banyak pengusaha membuat kesalahan dengan memposisikan produk atau layanan perusahaan mereka pada fitur daripada manfaat. Pemosisian atau strategi pemasaran yang berfokus pada fitur produk, seperti manfaat teknisnya, biasanya jauh lebih efektif daripada kampanye yang berfokus pada apa yang dapat dilakukan oleh manfaat produk.

      ·         Establishing a Brand

      ·         Menetapkan Merek
      Merek adalah sekumpulan atribut — positif atau negatif — yang dikaitkan dengan perusahaan. Atribut-atribut ini bisa positif, seperti dapat dipercaya, dapat diandalkan, atau mudah ditangani. Atau mereka bisa negatif, seperti murah, tidak dapat diandalkan, atau sulit ditangani.
      ·         Manajemen merek
      Beberapa perusahaan memantau integritas merek mereka melalui program yang disebut "manajemen merek.
      ·         Menetapkan Merek
      Jadi bagaimana sebuah perusahaan membangun merek? Pada tingkat filosofis, perusahaan harus memiliki makna dalam kehidupan pelanggannya. Itu harus menciptakan nilai — sesuatu yang pelanggan bersedia membayar. Pada tingkat yang lebih praktis, merek dibangun melalui sejumlah teknik, termasuk periklanan, hubungan masyarakat, sponsorship, dukungan terhadap penyebab sosial, dan kinerja yang baik. Nama perusahaan, logo, desain situs web, dan bahkan kop suratnya adalah bagian dari mereknya
      ·         Kekuatan Merek yang Kuat
      Pada akhirnya, merek yang kuat dapat menjadi aset yang sangat kuat bagi perusahaan
      ·         Cobranding
      Suatu teknik yang digunakan perusahaan untuk memperkuat merek mereka adalah dengan masuk ke pengaturan cobranding dengan perusahaan lain. Cobranding mengacu pada hubungan antara dua atau lebih perusahaan di mana merek perusahaan saling mempromosikan.

      ·         Product
      Apakah barang atau jasa yang ditawarkan perusahaan kepada target pasarnya. Peluncuran awal adalah salah satu waktu paling kritis dalam pemasaran produk baru. Semua perusahaan menghadapi tantangan bahwa mereka tidak dikenal dan membutuhkan lompatan keyakinan bagi pelanggan pertama untuk membeli produk mereka. Beberapa startup memenuhi tantangan ini dengan menggunakan akun referensi.
      ·         Price
      Harga adalah jumlah uang yang dibayarkan konsumen untuk membeli suatu produk. Harga yang dikenakan perusahaan untuk produknya mengirimkan pesan penting ke pasar targetnya.
      ·         Promotion

       

       
      Mengacu pada aktivitas yang dilakukan perusahaan untuk mengkomunikasikan keunggulan produknya ke target pasarnya.


      ·         Steps Involved in Putting Together an Advertisement

      ·         Public Relations
      Salah satu cara yang paling hemat biaya untuk meningkatkan kesadaran akan produk suatu perusahaan adalah melalui hubungan masyarakat. Hubungan masyarakat mengacu pada upaya untuk membangun dan mempertahankan citra perusahaan dengan publik. Perbedaan utama antara hubungan masyarakat dan periklanan adalah bahwa hubungan masyarakat tidak dibayar — secara langsung.

      ·         Other Promotions Techniques

      -          Viral Marketing
      Memfasilitasi dan mendorong orang untuk menyampaikan pesan pemasaran tentang produk atau layanan tertentu.

      -          Guerrilla Marketing
      Pendekatan anggaran rendah untuk pemasaran yang mengandalkan kecerdikan, kepandaian, dan kejutan daripada teknik tradisional.


      ·         Selling Direct Versus Selling Through a Intermediary